7 of the Best-Known Theories of Child Development

7 of the Best-Known Theories of Child Development January 04, 2020 Stages of Cognitive Development Piaget's Theory Sensorimotor Stage Preoperational Stage Concrete Operational Stage Formal Operational Stage Support and Criticism Verywell / JR Bee In This Article Table of Contents Expand Background Psychosexual Development Psychosocial Development Behavioral Child Development Cognitive Development Attachment Theory Social Learning Theory Sociocultural Theory Child development theories focus on explaining how children change and grow over the course of childhood. Such theories center on various aspects of development including social, emotional, and cognitive growth. The study of human development is a rich and varied subject. We all have personal experience with development, but it is sometimes difficult to understand how and why people grow, learn, and act as they do. Why do children behave in certain ways? Is their behavior related to their age, family relationships, or individual temperaments? Developmental psychologists strive to answer such questions as well as to understand, explain, and predict behaviors that occur throughout the lifespan. In order to understand human development, a number of different theories of child development have arisen to explain various aspects of human growth. The Background of Child Development Theories Theories of development provide a framework for thinking about human growth and learning. But why do we study development? What can we learn from psychological theories of development? If you have ever wondered about what motivates human thought and behavior, understanding these theories can provide useful insight into individuals and society. How Our Understanding of Child Development Has Changed Over the Years Child development that occurs from birth to adulthood was largely ignored throughout much of human history. Children were often viewed simply as small versions of adults and little attention was paid to the many advances in cognitive abilities, language usage, and physical growth that occur during childhood and adolescence. Interest in the field of child development finally began to emerge early in the 20th century, but it tended to focus on abnormal behavior. Eventually, researchers became increasingly interested in other topics including typical child development as well as the influences on development. How Studying Child Development Allows Us to Understand Changes That Take Place Why is it important to study how children grow, learn and change? An understanding of child development is essential because it allows us to fully appreciate the cognitive, emotional, physical, social, and educational growth that children go through from birth and into early adulthood. Some of the major theories of child development are known as grand theories; they attempt to describe every aspect of development, often using a stage approach. Others are known as mini-theories; they instead focus only on a fairly limited aspect of development such as cognitive or social growth. Major Child Development Theories The following are just a few of the many child development theories that have been proposed by theorists and researchers. More recent theories outline the developmental stages of children and identify the typical ages at which these growth  milestones  occur.?? Freuds Psychosexual Developmental Theory Psychoanalytic theory originated with the work of  Sigmund Freud. Through his clinical work with patients suffering from mental illness, Freud came to believe that childhood experiences and  unconscious  desires influenced behavior. According to Freud, conflicts that occur during each of these stages can have a lifelong influence on personality and behavior. Freud  proposed one of the best-known grand theories of child development. According to  Freud’s psychosexual theory, child development occurs in a series of stages focused on different pleasure areas of the body. During each stage, the child encounters conflicts that play a significant role in the course of development. His theory suggested that the energy of the libido was focused on different erogenous zones at specific stages. Failure to progress through a stage can result in fixation at that point in development, which Freud believed could have an influence on adult behavior. So what happens as children complete each stage? And what might result if a child does poorly during a particular point in development? Successfully completing each stage leads to the development of a healthy adult personality. Failing to resolve the conflicts of a particular stage can result in fixations that can then have an influence on adult behavior. While some other child development theories suggest that personality continues to change and grow over the entire lifetime, Freud believed that it was early experiences that played the greatest role in shaping development. According to Freud, personality is largely set in stone by the age of five. Freuds Stages of Psychosexual Development Eriksons Psychosocial Developmental Theory Psychoanalytic theory was an enormously influential force during the first half of the twentieth century. Those inspired and influenced by Freud went on to expand upon Freuds ideas and develop theories of their own. Of these neo-Freudians, Erik Eriksons ideas have become perhaps the best known. Eriksons eight-stage theory of psychosocial development describes growth and change throughout life, focusing on social interaction and conflicts that arise during different stages of development. While  Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development  shared some similarities with Freuds, it is dramatically different in many ways. Rather than focusing on sexual interest as a driving force in development, Erikson believed that social interaction and experience played decisive roles. His eight-stage theory of human development described this process from infancy through death. During each stage, people are faced with a developmental conflict that impacts later functioning and further growth. Unlike many other developmental theories, Erik Eriksons  psychosocial theory  focuses on development across the entire lifespan. At each stage, children and adults face a developmental crisis that serves as a major turning point. Successfully managing the challenges of each stage leads to the emergence of a lifelong psychological virtue. Eriksons Stages of Psychosocial Development Behavioral Child Development Theories During the first half of the twentieth century, a new school of thought known as behaviorism rose to become a dominant force within psychology. Behaviorists believed that psychology needed to focus only on observable and quantifiable behaviors in order to become a more scientific discipline. According to the behavioral perspective, all human behavior can be described in terms of environmental influences. Some behaviorists, such as  John B. Watson  and  B.F. Skinner, insisted that learning occurs purely through processes of association and reinforcement. Behavioral theories of child development focus on how environmental interaction influences behavior and is based on the theories of theorists such as John B. Watson, Ivan Pavlov, and B. F. Skinner. These theories deal only with observable behaviors. Development is considered a reaction to rewards, punishments, stimuli, and reinforcement. This theory differs considerably from other child development theories because it gives no consideration to internal thoughts or feelings. Instead, it focuses purely on how experience shapes who we are. Two important types of learning that emerged from this approach to development are  classical conditioning  and  operant conditioning. Classical conditioning involves learning by pairing a naturally occurring stimulus with a previously neutral stimulus. Operant conditioning utilizes reinforcement and punishment to modify behaviors. Piagets Cognitive Developmental Theory Cognitive theory is concerned with the development of a persons thought processes. It also looks at how these thought processes influence how we understand and interact with the world.  Piaget proposed an idea that seems obvious now, but helped revolutionize how we think about child development:  Children think differently than adults.?? Theorist  Jean Piaget  proposed one of the most influential  theories of cognitive development. His cognitive theory seeks to describe and explain the development of thought processes and mental states. It also looks at how these thought processes influence the way we understand and interact with the world. Piaget then proposed a theory of cognitive development to account for the steps and sequence of childrens intellectual development. The Sensorimotor Stage:  A period of time between birth and age two during which an infants knowledge of the world is limited to his or her sensory perceptions and motor activities. Behaviors are limited to simple motor responses caused by sensory stimuli.The Preoperational Stage:  A period between ages 2 and 6 during which a child learns to use language. During this stage, children do not yet understand concrete logic, cannot mentally manipulate information and are unable to take the point of view of other people.The Concrete Operational Stage:  A period between ages 7 and 11 during which children gain a better understanding of mental operations. Children begin thinking logically about concrete events but have difficulty understanding abstract or hypothetical concepts.The Formal Operational Stage:  A period between age 12 to adulthood when people develop the ability to think about abstract concepts. Skills such as logical thought, deductive reasoning, and systematic planning also em erge during this stage. Piagets Four Stages of Development Bowlbys Attachment Theory There is a great deal of research on the social development of children.  John Bowbly  proposed one of the earliest theories of social development. Bowlby believed that early relationships with caregivers play a major role in child development and continue to influence social relationships throughout life.?? Bowlbys attachment theory suggested that children are born with an innate need to form attachments. Such attachments aid in survival by ensuring that the child receives care and protection. Not only that, but these attachments are characterized by clear behavioral and motivational patterns. In other words, both children and caregivers engage in behaviors designed to ensure proximity. Children strive to stay close and connected to their caregivers who in turn provide a safe haven and a secure base for exploration. Researchers have also expanded upon Bowlbys original work and have suggested that a number of different attachment styles exist. Children who receive consistent support and care are more likely to develop a secure attachment style, while those who receive less reliable care may develop an ambivalent, avoidant, or disorganized style. Attachment Theory Banduras Social Learning Theory Social learning theory  is based on the work of psychologist  Albert Bandura. Bandura believed that the conditioning and reinforcement process could not sufficiently explain all of human learning. For example, how can the conditioning process account for learned behaviors that have not been reinforced through classical conditioning or operant conditioning? According to social learning theory, behaviors can also be learned through observation and modeling. By observing the actions of others, including parents and peers, children develop new skills and acquire new information. Banduras child development theory suggests that observation plays a critical role in learning, but this observation does not necessarily need to take the form of watching a live model.?? Instead, people can also learn by listening to verbal instructions about how to perform a behavior as well as through observing either real or fictional characters displaying behaviors in books or films. Social Learning Theory Vygotskys Sociocultural Theory Another psychologist named  Lev Vygotsky  proposed a seminal learning theory that has gone on to become very influential, especially in the field of education. Like Piaget, Vygotsky believed that children learn actively and through hands-on experiences.?? His  sociocultural theory  also suggested that parents, caregivers, peers and the culture at large were responsible for developing higher-order functions. In Vygotskys view, learning is an inherently social process. Through interacting with others, learning becomes integrated into an individuals understanding of the world. This child development theory also introduced the concept of the zone of proximal development, which is the gap between what a person can do with help and what they can do on their own. It is with the help of more knowledgeable others that people are able to progressively learn and increase their skills and scope of understanding. Sociocultural Theory A Word From Verywell As you can see, some of psychologys best-known thinkers have developed theories to help explore and explain different aspects of child development. While not all of these theories are fully accepted today, they all had an important influence on our understanding of child development. Today, contemporary psychologists often draw on a variety of theories and perspectives in order to understand how kids grow, behave, and think. These theories represent just a few of the different ways of thinking about child development. In reality, fully understanding how children change and grow over the course of childhood requires looking at many different factors that influence physical and psychological growth. Genes, the environment, and the interactions between these two forces determine how kids grow physically as well as mentally.

Essay about Freud Suggest Religion is an Illusion - 671 Words

Freud in his writing suggests that religion is an â€Å"illusion.† Not your typical deception of something, rather misapprehension of religion. Additionally, Freud provides brand new eyes to look at religion and its construct of civilization. He further provides evidence of his own, as well as suggesting a psychoanalytical approach to religion. Countless times Freud referred to his own psychological ideas of development including the transition of a child to an adult development. Freud heeds, a successful transition of developing from a child to a functioning adult in â€Å"reality† is necessary otherwise it leads to anxiety. This level of anxiety stems from â€Å"instinctual prohibitions† shaping into a state repression, caused by religion. Freud†¦show more content†¦For example, he highlights God, power, nature, good versus evil, hell versus heaven, fate and so on. He also explains that â€Å"Life in this world serves a higher purpose; no doubt it is not easy to guess what that purpose is, but it certainly signifies a perfecting of mans nature. It is probably the spiritual part of man, the soul†¦which is the object of this elevation and exaltation† (Freud, 1972, p. 18). Ideas such as soul and body are inclusive to nature and the universe, instead of human society. On the other hand, Freud is more concerned with instilling the idea that infancy and childhood is a key role in development, he states, â€Å"by the time the childs intellect awakens, the doctrines of religion have already become unassailable,† suggesting that religion is a force that shapes civilization in which people function, as well as form our judgment of human civilization. Hence, the importance of developing successfully as opposed to failing to function in society, whether they are religious or not. 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The Legacy Of Lincoln s Leadership - 958 Words

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A HowTo Narrative For English Comp Essay free essay sample

A How-To Narrative For English Comp Essay, Research Paper The population of the United States made some serious forfeits during World War II. Gasoline rationing caused a major turbulence in the cab and hauling industry and production of non war related point was curtailed. Sugar was limited to minuscule sums on certain yearss of the month and people hoarded it as if it were gilded. One of the most detrimental curtailments was the production of beer due to the limitations placed on barley. All the little # 8220 ; ma and dad # 8221 ; breweries could non afford to close down for the continuance of war and went out of concern, go forthing the beer production to a limited few. This caused a alteration in the American ingestion of beer to a light laager type with really small competition. However, true beer lovers do non hold to devour the massed produced, watered down imitation of existent brew any longer. 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Then, utilizing your bottle capper, cap each of the bottles and topographic point in a cool topographic point for one hebdomad. That s all there is to it. You can now open your beer and bask more spirit and texture than in most beers produced in the United States. Now that you have made your first batch, you may wish to research many other brewing techniques and manners of beer. Home- brewing is quickly turning throughout the United States and there are many nines and groups that can offer support and advice. You may wish to get down brewing from natural ingredients poetries packaged formulas. This will name for some serious idea and even more serious of an investing. But in the immortal words of Charlie Pappazan, the immortal leader of the home-brew motion, # 8220 ; Relax, wear T concern and have a home-brew. # 8221 ; 34e

Strategies for Entering New Markets

Free Essays on People Watching

People Watching â€Å"Coffee, black, no cream!† I have had a lady say this phrase. She was a very rude lady because when I arrived at her table she yelled it at me. Serving can be a stressful job and it can be a rewarding job as well. It can be a boring job sometimes. I think it is a great job for when you are going through school, the hours are meager yet the money is plentiful. The best part about serving in my opinion is all the people I get to meet. It opens ones mind to so many different aspects of life. One would never think that some people could do the things that they do. I think you can classify people into five groups. Some people may fit into more than one group and some only in one. There are nice people, picky people, cheap people, old people and Bad Tippers. Nice people are probably the least stressful to serve. They understand that the server is doing the best they can at any given moment. They are the when-ever-you-get-a-chaners. Some nice people are Bad Tippers. They will show so much appreciation and still leave 10%. Sometimes it is not their fault though, they were never taught. Nice people are usually the ones that make serving worthwhile even if the tip was poor. I like serving nice people. There is a guy that always comes in to my restaurant and orders the same thing every time. When I see him getting sat in my section I automatically put the order in the computer so that he can get his meal as fast as possible. He always gets two eggs over medium with steak fries, four pieces of white toast dry and a coke no ice. I get the food to him in about 2 minutes of him sitting down and he leaves a five or six dollar tip every time. Picky People. Why order something if it is going to be changed into a whole different meal? It makes a servers job about as stressful as it can get, especially when they are busy. A mild case of this comes to mind, a Mexican couple go to the restaurant I work fo... Free Essays on People Watching Free Essays on People Watching People Watching â€Å"Coffee, black, no cream!† I have had a lady say this phrase. She was a very rude lady because when I arrived at her table she yelled it at me. Serving can be a stressful job and it can be a rewarding job as well. It can be a boring job sometimes. I think it is a great job for when you are going through school, the hours are meager yet the money is plentiful. The best part about serving in my opinion is all the people I get to meet. It opens ones mind to so many different aspects of life. One would never think that some people could do the things that they do. I think you can classify people into five groups. Some people may fit into more than one group and some only in one. There are nice people, picky people, cheap people, old people and Bad Tippers. Nice people are probably the least stressful to serve. They understand that the server is doing the best they can at any given moment. They are the when-ever-you-get-a-chaners. Some nice people are Bad Tippers. They will show so much appreciation and still leave 10%. Sometimes it is not their fault though, they were never taught. Nice people are usually the ones that make serving worthwhile even if the tip was poor. I like serving nice people. There is a guy that always comes in to my restaurant and orders the same thing every time. When I see him getting sat in my section I automatically put the order in the computer so that he can get his meal as fast as possible. He always gets two eggs over medium with steak fries, four pieces of white toast dry and a coke no ice. I get the food to him in about 2 minutes of him sitting down and he leaves a five or six dollar tip every time. Picky People. Why order something if it is going to be changed into a whole different meal? It makes a servers job about as stressful as it can get, especially when they are busy. A mild case of this comes to mind, a Mexican couple go to the restaurant I work fo...