Reflexivity and Modern Works of Anthropology Essay -- Ethnography Cult

Reflexivity and Modern Works of Anthropology The role of reflexivity in Anthropology has changed a great deal over time. The effects of doing ethnography on the ethnographer was not considered an important mode of inquiry in the past. While inevitably, going to far distant lands and living with a culture so different from your own will at least cause the ethnographer to reflect on personal issues but most likely will cause profound changes in the way he or she will view the world. But in the past these changes were not important. What was necessary for the ethnographer to do in the past was to document a culture break it down structurally and quantify the observations made. The reflexive nature of his or her experiences were of little or no importance to the anthropological community. But over the years this has changed tremendously and Anthropology concerns itself more and more with the interactions between the ethnographer and his or her informants and the changes that occur in both due to the research being conducted. The sc ope of this paper will be to show this transition and also why it occurred. The role of the Anthropologist in the past has been to document other cultures in order so the colonial authorities could better know how to rule them this is apparent in Bronislaw Malinowski's essay on the Trobriand islanders. He said, "The ethnographer has in the field, according to what has just been said, the duty before him of drawing up all the rules and regularities of tribal life; all that is permanent and fixed; of giving an anatomy of their culture, of depicting the constitution of their society. But these things, though crystallized and set, are nowhere formulated. There is no written or explicitly expressed code ... ... not to say that a "scientific" documentation of the structure of the culture being studied should be forgotten about. But rather instead of being the main point of concern (as with Malinowski) it should be used to strengthen the arguments expressed by the author. Also as done with many other forms reflexivity should be able to be expressed in more abstract ways instead of just simply stating how you were effected and vice versa. But overall I think reflexivity is a good thing for Anthropological writing. In conclusion, anthropology has come long way in the past few generations, at least in the sense of the writings produced by the students of this field. But perhaps this is due to the audience who reading the works and not the anthropologists doing the research. In any case reflexivity is definitely more openly expressed in the more modern works of Anthropology.

Alligator Cracking

ALLIGATOR CRACKING AN INTRODUCTION :- Crocodile cracking, also called fatigue cracking or alligator cracking, is a common type of distress in asphalt pavement. Crocodile cracking is characterized by interconnecting or interlaced cracking in the asphalt layer resembling the hide of a crocodile. Cell sizes can vary in size up to 300 millimetres (12  in) across, but are typically less than 150 millimetres (5. 9  in) across. Crocodile cracking is generally a loading failure, but numerous factors can contribute to it. It is often a sign of sub-base failure, poor drainage, or repeated over-loadings.It is important to prevent crocodile cracking, and repair as soon as possible, as advanced cases can be very costly to repair and can lead to formation of potholes or premature pavement failure. CAUSES OF ALLIGATOR CRACKING :- * Crocodile cracking is an asphalt pavement distress most often instigated by failure of the surface due to traffic loading. * Crocodile cracking can be greatly influe nced by environmental and other effects while traffic loading remains the direct cause. Frequently, overloading happens because the base or subbase inadequately support the surface layer and subsequently cannot handle loads that it would normally endure. Poor drainage in the road bed is a frequent cause of this degradation of the base or subgrade. A heavy spring thaw, similarly to poor drainage, can weaken the base course, leading to crocodile cracking. * Stripping or raveling is another possible cause of crocodile cracking. Stripping occurs when poor adhesion between asphalt and aggregate allows the aggregate at the surface to dislodge. If left uncorrected, this reduces the thickness of the pavement, reducing the affected portion's ability to carry its designed loading.This can cause crocodile cracking to develop rapidly, as overloading will happen with loads of less magnitude or frequency. CAUSES OF ALLIGATOR CRACKING :- Failure of surface due to loading Stripping of bitumen due t o poor adhesion of bitumen ; asphalt Environmental conditions :- (a) Due to excessive rain b) hot weather (c) frost action CHARACTERISTICS or IDENTIFICATION :- * Crocodile cracking manifests itself initially as longitudinal cracking (cracks along the direction of the flow of traffic) in the top layer of the asphalt. * These cracks are initially thin and sparsely distributed. If further deterioration is allowed, these longitudinal cracks are connected by transverse cracks to form sharp sided, prismatic pieces. * This interlaced cracking pattern resembles the scales on the back of a crocodile or alligator, hence the name, alligator cracking. * More severe cases involve pumping of fines, spalling, and loose pieces of pavement. * The most severe cases of crocodile cracking often occur with other pavement distresses, but are exemplified by: potholes, large cracks(3/8†³ or larger), and severely spalled edges. MEASUREMENT & QUANTIFICATION :-There are many different ways to measure cro codile cracking, but in general a pavement distress manual or index will be used. For example, the Pavement Condition Index is widely used to quantify the overall level of distress and condition of a section of road. Measurement of crocodile cracking specifically(and pavement distress in general) is necessary to determine the overall condition of a road, and for determination of a time-line for rehabilitation and/or repair. There are many other rating systems, and many rating systems currently in use are based on the AASHO Road Test.There are two important criteria to take into effect when measuring crocodile cracking. The first is the extent of the cracking. This is the amount of road surface area which is affected by this pavement distress. The second criterion is the severity of the cracking. Severity, which has been discussed above, refers to how far the cracking has progressed, and is often directly a function of crack width. Severity may be rated numerically, or given a rating from â€Å"low† to â€Å"severe†. The rating may be entered into a pavement management system, which will suggest a priority and method for the repair.Systems have been developed that detect crocodile and other types of pavement distress automatically. They measure the severity and frequency of alligator cracking on the road-path. One such machine is the road surface profilometer, which is mounted on a vehicle and measures the profile of the road surface while it is moving down the roadway. PREVENTION & REPAIR :- Preventing crocodile cracking can be as simple as preventing the common causes. Reducing overloading on an asphalt pavement or improving drainage can prevent crocodile cracking in many cases.However, often the specific cause is fairly difficult to determine, and prevention becomes difficult correspondingly. A good strategy to prevent overloading, which is a main cause of crocodile cracking, is to increase the depth of the asphalt layer. According to certain r esearchers, pavements of a minimum strength or thickness can hypothetically handle infinitely many loads without showing structural defects, including crocodile (fatigue) cracking. These pavements are called perpetual pavements. When repairing pavement affected by crocodile cracking, the main cause of the distress should be determined.Any investigation should involve digging a pit or coring the pavement and subbase to determine the pavement's structural makeup as well as determining whether or not subsurface moisture is a contributing factor. The repair needed also differs based on the severity and extent of the cracking. In the early stages, sealing cracks with crack sealant limits further deterioration of the subgrade due to moisture penetration. Small areas may be repaired by removal of the affected area, and replacement with new base and asphalt surface.Once the damage has progressed, a structural asphalt overlay or complete reconstruction may be necessary. CONCLUSION When repai ring pavement affected by crocodile cracking, the main cause of the distress should be determined. However, often the specific cause is fairly difficult to determine, and prevention is therefore correspondingly difficult. Any investigation should involve digging a pit or coring the pavement and sub base to determine the pavement's structural makeup as well as determining whether the moisture is a contributing factor.Small areas may be repaired by removal of the affected area, and replacement with new base and asphalt surface. Once the damage has progressed or the affected area is large and extensive, a structural asphalt overlay or complete reconstruction is necessary to ensure structural integrity. If the government also takes necessary action by giving an yardstick of the maximum ESWL that can be allowed, then cracking can be prevented. However in practical it is not possible always. Our conciousness also plays a great role. If we can understand what can cause cracking and take ne cessary action, then it can be prevented.

Parent’s Role in Children’s Education Essay

COURES CODE: CS 1111, Registration No: 1212129, NAME: TALHASHAKEEL, SECTION: BS/CS1-A ROLE OF PARENTS IN CHILDREN EDUCATION Parents are their children's first teachers. It is from parents that children learn about their culture, values, and language. Parents play a very valuable role in their children's education in and out of the classroom. Because of this reason, parents need to take on the challenge and provide their children the tools they will need in order to be successful in school and life.Education does not only involve acquiring academic qualifications it also    involves learning how to be a productive member of society, it involves how to behave in social settings, it involves learning how to figure everyday problems, and so much more. By talking to their children, parents can help them increase their vocabulary, they help their children in their receptive and expressive language, and they help their children feel empowered. Also, parents that talk with their children b uild lasting positive and strong relationships.A basic role of parents is to provide physical security for their children. Medical attention is one of the components of a physically secure environment. Another role of the parent is to provide intellectually stimulating environments. There are two things parents can do to help their children. The first is to read to their children every day and the second is to expose their children to many different things. Parents can provide great experience for their children. For instance, reading with or to their children is an excellent activity.Reading increases vocabulary, reading at home can help children learn to enjoy reading and increase reading ability. Parents can take trips to museums in order to increase interest and knowledge of children. Parents have a great deal of responsibility. They are their children's first teacher. It is from parents, children can learn their culture, social skills, life skills, and get exposed to many exper iences. Parents must be willing to take on the challenge of exposing their children

Free Essays on The Green Fields

The Green Fields is the story of Levi Yitskhok. He leaves his studies in the big city to go into the country and find â€Å"True Jews.† The first person he meets on his journey is Avrom-Yankov. Levi asks Avrom-Yankov is he is Jewish and if there are other Jews around. Avrom-Yankov takes Levi back to the house where the family is excited to meet him. They decide that Levi should stay with them and he will teach the children, both the children of Rohkl and Dovid-Noich and of Gitl and Elkone. The families argue over who he will stay with. Elkone wants him to stay at their house so that Stera can have Levi instead of Hersh-Ber. Dovid-Noich’s son whom they don’t approve of. Levi complains that he misses his books and often talks of leaving. Everyone is trying to make him stay. Tsine is very upset at the prospect of him leaving. She is in love with him and very jealous of the love that her brother and Stera have. Tsine confesses her love of Levi to her mother and she finally understands why Tsine was so upset. Tsine changes her ways to impress Levi; she starts to wear shoes and nicer clothes, she even cooks him a meal and learns how to write from Avrom-Yankov. Levi admires the work that all of them do on their farm. He feels that he too should be working in addition to studying the Torah. Levi finds it amazing how they can survive off of their land. When Tsine is showing off her writing skills to Levi she leans in and kisses him and then runs off. Very soon after Levi asks Dovid-Noich for her hand in marriage. Both Dovid Noich and Rohkl happily agree. After a short argument where Hersh-Ber yells at Elkone it is also decided that Stera and Hersh-Ber will be married. There is much rejoicing and everyone lives happily ever after. The end of this story is not a typical one in Yiddish drama. There usually aren’t happy endings. Also not typical of Yiddish theater or Jewish culture is the fact that there are two c... Free Essays on The Green Fields Free Essays on The Green Fields The Green Fields is the story of Levi Yitskhok. He leaves his studies in the big city to go into the country and find â€Å"True Jews.† The first person he meets on his journey is Avrom-Yankov. Levi asks Avrom-Yankov is he is Jewish and if there are other Jews around. Avrom-Yankov takes Levi back to the house where the family is excited to meet him. They decide that Levi should stay with them and he will teach the children, both the children of Rohkl and Dovid-Noich and of Gitl and Elkone. The families argue over who he will stay with. Elkone wants him to stay at their house so that Stera can have Levi instead of Hersh-Ber. Dovid-Noich’s son whom they don’t approve of. Levi complains that he misses his books and often talks of leaving. Everyone is trying to make him stay. Tsine is very upset at the prospect of him leaving. She is in love with him and very jealous of the love that her brother and Stera have. Tsine confesses her love of Levi to her mother and she finally understands why Tsine was so upset. Tsine changes her ways to impress Levi; she starts to wear shoes and nicer clothes, she even cooks him a meal and learns how to write from Avrom-Yankov. Levi admires the work that all of them do on their farm. He feels that he too should be working in addition to studying the Torah. Levi finds it amazing how they can survive off of their land. When Tsine is showing off her writing skills to Levi she leans in and kisses him and then runs off. Very soon after Levi asks Dovid-Noich for her hand in marriage. Both Dovid Noich and Rohkl happily agree. After a short argument where Hersh-Ber yells at Elkone it is also decided that Stera and Hersh-Ber will be married. There is much rejoicing and everyone lives happily ever after. The end of this story is not a typical one in Yiddish drama. There usually aren’t happy endings. Also not typical of Yiddish theater or Jewish culture is the fact that there are two c...

Find a Reactions Final Temperature With Specific Heat

Find a Reaction's Final Temperature With Specific Heat This example problem demonstrates how to calculate the final temperature of a substance when given the amount of energy used, the mass and initial temperature. Problem 300 grams of ethanol at 10  °C is heated with 14640 Joules of energy. What is the final temperature of the ethanol? Useful Information: The specific heat of ethanol is 2.44 J/g ·Ã‚ °C. Solution Use the formula q mcΔT Where q Heat Energym Massc Specific HeatΔT Change in temperature. 14640 J (300 g)(2.44 J/g ·Ã‚ °C)ΔT Solve for ΔT: ΔT 14640 J/(300 g)(2.44 J/g ·Ã‚ °C)ΔT 20  °CΔT Tfinal - TinitialTfinal Tinital ΔTTfinal 10  °C 20  °CTfinal 30  °C Answer:  The final temperature of the ethanol is 30  °C. Final Temperature After Mixing When you mix together two substances with different initial temperatures, the same principles apply. If the materials dont chemically react, all you need to do to find the final temperature is to assume that both substances will eventually reach the same temperature. Problem Find the final temperature when 10.0 grams of aluminum at 130.0  °C mixes with 200.0 grams of water at 25  °C. Assume no water is lost as water vapor. Solution Again, you use q mcΔT, except you assume qaluminum qwater and solve for T, which is the final temperature. You need to look up the specific heat values (c) for aluminum and water. This solution uses 0.901 for aluminum and 4.18 for water: (10)(130 - T)(0.901) (200.0)(T - 25)(4.18)T 26.12  °C

What effect s can debt have on personal or professional relationships Essay

What effect s can debt have on personal or professional relationships Does this influence behavior Construct an argument to support your claim - Essay Example Depending on the debtor’s external conduct, work and friendship relationship tend to suffer. In most cases, debtors tend to feel that their friends or colleagues judge them because of their financial situations and behaviors, which could affect their social interactions qualities. Generally, debts triggers stress and tensions among people and in some cases, it results in constant fights hence creating unsafe environments (Wolny 58). Debts can have impacts personally or professionally. Professionally, debt can affects a worker’s overall work performance in that an individual can become inattentive or limited focus while performing his duties at the work place hence leading to job losses or financial problems (Wolny 59). Debtors usually feel socially controlled because they sometimes cannot afford their necessities, which might be an indirect pressure to them. As a result, this might affect their social standing. Alternatively, debts can influence a person’s behavior. In this case, a person’s self-worth might be affected which would then lead to emotional problems (Wolny 62). The inability of an individual to borrow could eventually lead to social problems. Numerous studies reveal that personal debt levels tend to be associated with related adverse health behaviors and poor psychological behaviors. One of the most common behaviors that might be influenced is stress. Stress remains the biggest mechanism through which debts can affect psychological health. Generally, a person’s stress experience can be related to the reduction of immune system functioning and the release of stress-related hormones. In most cases, they influence a person’s cardiovascular function and blood pressure. In some instances, the problematic personal debts and outcomes that are associated with it such bankruptcy can lead to a person’s decline in psychological health. Alternatively, some studies reveal that debts can lead to depression, suicidal cases and

General Electric's Allocation of Costs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

General Electric's Allocation of Costs - Essay Example General Electric and Cost Allocations At General Electric’s managers are very much concerned about the allocation of costs as these allocations are required for the proper delegation of resources and cost to the respective department. Manager at GE realize that the cost allocation to different divisions, plants, departments, contracts and/ or products will result in increased motivation for the organization, it will also justify costs of various expenditures as these would than be used by the auditors to audit and overlook all the managerial activities so that there are no issues arising at General Electric. Also, in order to justify cost plus pricing, General electric is involved in cost allocations and in strengthening the cost of the procedure. They are also involved in decision making with regards to joint costs, re allocation of costs from one department to another department as need arises. GE makes sure that the allocated costs are fair, workable, and rational and accor ding to the needs of what is required by all the departments. Allocating costs for the handling and managing of different activities have to be simplified in various ways, this simplification will ensure that the targets for the companies are achieved and that the targets achieved should give maximum profitability for the company. The products of General electrics include lights, bulbs etc all go through manufacturing process to the finished stage where it has to be marketed and sold in the market. So it is important that the manufacturing sector gets the required budget for the manufacturing through their raw materials, the proper supply chain processes and than the marketing should also get all the required budgets to handle proper marketing and selling for the company. The budget that is circulated in the company, managers can't surpass that and hence this is the only way through which employees can manage the way they negotiate in their dealings to conduct more cheaper and inexp ensive work. Departmental budgets and costs are a good way to keep the company and all department effective and informed about how they get their departments to work on these lines and hence they adapt themselves to work in a culture which motivates all the employees, justifies all the costs that are accrued and also it justifies the way they make their expenditures. All the departments' accrues costs, but the heaviest department is marketing, as all the marketing activities are very expensive and they are conducted on a large scale. The activities that are conducted on a large scale employs that bigger expenses would be done to meet the expectations of their competitors. Like if GE wants to make any advertisement, it will accrue cost, if they want to get some marketing done through sponsorships and other such related stuff than it is also expensive. So it's important to track all the activities and to see it's impact on sales. If sales are not improving than there's no point of all these heavy ativties and hence it is important to do all but keeping in track of the sales situation. As with inflation the cost of doing business is also increasing. The raw materials are expensive, the duty on these raw materials is also expensive and the way to procure them has also become very expensive. So at every stage proper analysis has to be done and controlled budgets have to be allocated with all the departments to keep a proper check and balance on these situations for